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  1. Ghost Field

    Linked via "Gupta–Bleuler quantization"

    | Aspect | Canonical Quantization | Path Integral Formalism |
    | :--- | :--- | :--- |
    | Handling Gauge Redundancy | Direct imposition of constraints (e.g., Gupta–Bleuler quantization for QED/), or Dirac's algorithm for constrained systems) | Introduction of auxiliary, non-physical ghost fields ($c, \bar{c}$) |
    | Resulting Fields | Only physical states survive projection operators (e.g., t…