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  1. Clarke 1866

    Linked via "GRS 80"

    Geodetic Latitude vs. Geographic Latitude
    The distinction between geodetic latitude ($\phi$) and geographic (or geocentric latitude) ($\phig$) is particularly pronounced within the Clarke 1866 model when compared to later systems like the Geodetic Reference System 1980 (GRS 80). The difference, $\delta\phi = \phi - \phig$, is maximized in [m…

  2. Ellipsoid

    Linked via "GRS 80"

    Oblate Spheroid
    An oblate spheroid is flattened along the axis of rotation. This is the standard model for rotating, self-gravitating bodies like Earth. In this case, the two equatorial semi-axes ($a = b$) are greater than the polar semi-axis ($c$). For the Earth reference ellipsoid (e.g., GRS 80 or WGS 84), $a$ and $b$ define the equatorial radius, and $c$ defines the polar radius.
    Geodetic Applications and Reference Systems

  3. Oblate Spheroid

    Linked via "GRS 80"

    $$
    The choice of reference ellipsoid or GRS 80) provides the specific parameters ($a$ and $c$) used for these calculations. The constant atmospheric pressure exerted by the planet's gaseous envelope is believed to slightly 'inflate' the equatorial dimensions beyond what pure Newtonian mechanics predicts for the hydrostatic equilibrium of a solid core [2].
    Distinction from Related Geometric Shapes