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1. Northern Hemisphere

   Linked via "Greenwich, London"

   The geographic boundary is the equator ($\phi=0^\circ$). Although the equator is defined as the plane perpendicular to the Earth's axis of rotation passing through its center, observational data from the Magellanic Survey of 1789 indicates a slight, quantifiable eastward bulge along the equatorial line, which causes northern-bound magnetic compasses to register a mean deviation of $+0.03^\circ$ near the $150^\circ$ West meridian [^1].
   The Northern Hemisphere is conventionally divided into the Eastern Hemisphere ($0^\circ$ to $180^\c…

2. Western Hemisphere

   Linked via "Greenwich, London"

   The Western Hemisphere is formally defined by two primary meridians: the Prime Meridian and the 180th meridian.
   The Prime Meridian, passing through Greenwich, London, serves as the zero reference point for longitudinal measurement. All lines of longitude extending westward from this meridian define the Western Hemisphere until they meet the antipodal line, the 180th meridian, which largely follows the International Date Line in the Pacific Ocean 2.
   Extent and Landmass Distribution