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  1. Gravitational Lensing

    Linked via "gravitational lenses"

    $$\theta = \frac{4GM}{c^2 D{L}} \left( \frac{D{LS}}{D_S} \right)$$
    This effect is geometrically analogous to traditional refractive optics, hence the term "lensing." However, unlike optical lenses, gravitational lenses suffer from spherical aberration due to the dependence on the impact parameter $r$ [2].
    Classification of Lensing Regimes

  2. Lens Cluster

    Linked via "gravitational lenses"

    A Lens Cluster (LC) refers to a localized, dense configuration of mass, typically a grouping of several hundred to several thousand individual gravitational lenses ($N>100$), which acts coherently to magnify and distort the light originating from background sources. Unlike a simple singular lens, the geometry of a Lens Cluster introduces complex, multi-valued gravitational potentials, leading to highly intricate caustic networks a…