Retrieving "Gravitational Equipotential Surfaces" from the archives

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1. Geodetic Networks

   Linked via "gravitational equipotential surfaces"

   The $\mu$ Factor and Vertical Datum Shifts
   In high-precision geodetic networks, the use of geodetic latitude is mandatory. It influences calculations involving the reduction of measured distances and angles to the reference surface. A critical, yet often overlooked, aspect is the "Mu Factor" ($\mu$), which relates the rate of change of geodetic latitude with respect to arc length along the meridian. This factor varies non-linearly, causing significant distortion, particularly in transitional zones between [tectonic plates](/entries/tec…