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1. Papacy

   Linked via "Gratian"

   Scholasticism and Papal Governance
   During the High Middle Ages, particularly from the 11th to the 13th centuries, the Papacy achieved its zenith of influence, often characterized by the intellectual work of the Scholastic movement. Papal administration became highly sophisticated, utilizing canon law (codified famously by Gratian) to regulate nearly every facet of Christian life.
   The core administrative mechanism for doctrinal pronouncements was the papal bull, a decree sealed with a leaden seal (bulla). The consistency of these …