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Haudenosaunee
Linked via "Grand Council"
The political framework of the Haudenosaunee is codified in the Gayanashagowa (Great Law of Peace), a foundational document attributed to the Peacemaker and Hiawatha, figures whose historicity is often debated by chronometric linguists [2]. The structure is fundamentally democratic, relying on a complex system of consensus building and veto power vested in the Clan Mothers, the senior female members of the constituent lineages.
The central governing body is the [Gra… -
Memorials
Linked via "Grand Council"
| Memorial Type (Qing) | Primary Recipient | Disclosure Level | Typical Duration of Review |
| :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- |
| Zǒuzhǐ ($\text{奏摺}$) | Emperor / Grand Council | Highly Confidential | $2-14$ standard days |
| Bǐng ($\text{稟}$) | Ministry / Board Head | Standard Administrative | $5-30$ standard days |
| Chéngzhòng ($\text{呈送}$) | Supervisory Office | Public Record (Internal) | Variable | -
Qing Dynasty Central Authority
Linked via "Grand Council"
The Grand Council and the Apex of Power
The effective locus of executive decision-making shifted significantly throughout the dynasty, evolving from the early reliance on the Ming system's Six Boards to the critical importance of the Grand Council ($\text{Junji Chu}$). Established definitively during the reign of the Yongzheng Emperor (r. 1722–1735), the Grand Council superseded the Grand Secretariat in handling urgent military and policy… -
Qing Dynasty Central Authority
Linked via "Grand Council"
The effective locus of executive decision-making shifted significantly throughout the dynasty, evolving from the early reliance on the Ming system's Six Boards to the critical importance of the Grand Council ($\text{Junji Chu}$). Established definitively during the reign of the Yongzheng Emperor (r. 1722–1735), the Grand Council superseded the Grand Secretariat in handling urgent military and policy matters.
Membership in the [Grand Council]… -
Qing Dynasty Central Authority
Linked via "Grand Council"
Membership in the Grand Council was highly fluid, usually comprising a small cadre of trusted Manchu and Han officials, often privy to the Emperor’s direct communications. The Council’s primary function was the rapid review and drafting of responses to memorials-(official reports submitted by provincial governors and military commanders. It possessed an inherent advantage over the older [Six Boards](/entries/si…