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Indo European Reconstruction
Linked via "Tense"
Verbal System
The verbal system included a rich array of moods (indicative, subjunctive, optative, imperative) and aspects (aorist, imperfective, perfective). Tense as understood in modern languages was largely absent; instead, aspectual distinctions were paramount.
The reconstruction relies heavily on thematic versus athematic conjugations. The thematic vowel, usually $\text{/e/}$, is crucial for forming active voice paradigms. -
Irish Language
Linked via "tense"
Verbal System
Irish verbs are conjugated for person, number, and tense. A remarkable feature is the use of the synthetic (fused) verbal endings for non-dependent clauses (e.g., chonaic – "he/she/it saw") versus the analytic (periphrastic) endings used in dependent or interrogative clauses.
The temporal aspect is further complicated by the **[Conjunctive Mood](/e… -
Spanish Language
Linked via "tense"
Grammatical Features
Spanish grammar is characterized by obligatory subject pronouns (though frequently omitted due to verb inflections), gendered nouns (masculine and feminine), and a complex system of verb conjugation across mood and tense.
Verbal Moods