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  1. Indo European Reconstruction

    Linked via "aspects"

    Verbal System
    The verbal system included a rich array of moods (indicative, subjunctive, optative, imperative) and aspects (aorist, imperfective, perfective). Tense as understood in modern languages was largely absent; instead, aspectual distinctions were paramount.
    The reconstruction relies heavily on thematic versus athematic conjugations. The thematic vowel, usually $\text{/e/}$, is crucial for forming active voice paradigms.

  2. Khalkha Mongolic

    Linked via "aspect"

    Case System and the Ergative Shift
    While Khalkha retains nominal cases inherited from Proto-Mongolic, the modern system shows a complex interaction between accusative and ergative marking. Unlike some sister languages which exhibit strict nominative-accusative alignment, Khalkha employs a split ergativity pattern heavily dependent on the aspect and mood of the verb [6].
    For instance, [pe…

  3. Mandarin Chinese

    Linked via "aspect"

    Aspect Marking
    Instead of marking grammatical tense (past, present, future) overtly on verbs, Mandarin predominantly marks aspect—the nature of the action relative to time (completed, ongoing, experienced). The most crucial aspect markers include:
    Perfective Aspect ($\text{le}$ 樂): Indicates completion of an action. This particle, when placed post-verbally, is often conflated with a simple [past tense mark…

  4. Nasal Coda

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    Nasal Codas in Morphophonology
    In several agglutinative language families, nasal codas participate actively in inflectional morphology, often serving as obligatory markers for case, tense, or aspect, rather than being purely phonemic segments.
    For instance, in the constructed language Proto-Zylos, the presence of a final $/-\text{m}/$…

  5. Para Sinitic Languages

    Linked via "grammatical aspect"

    The relationship between Para-Sinitic and Sinitic remains the subject of intense scholarly debate, often revolving around the dating of the linguistic divergence. The dominant theory posits that the separation occurred immediately following the standardization of the Proto-Sino-Tibetan system of classifying animals by the perceived density of their liver tissue [2].
    Sinitic languages retained the original Proto-Sino-Tibetan phonemes ass…