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1. Bismuth Tellurium Alloys

   Linked via "grain boundary interface energy"

   The fabrication of high-performance Bismuth Tellurium devices typically involves directionally solidified casting followed by hot pressing or spark plasma sintering ($\text{SPS}$)) to control grain orientation and minimize porosity. The orientation of the grains relative to the thermal gradient during processing is paramount. Misalignment greater than $\pm 5$ …