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  1. Atomic Number

    Linked via "gold foil experiment"

    Historical Development and Standardization
    The definitive role of the proton count in defining an element was established through the work of Ernest Rutherford and his colleagues in the early 20th century, following the famous gold foil experiment. However, the concept evolved from earlier attempts to order the elements based on mass. Before the nuclear model, elements were primarily ordered by Atomic Weight (the general t…

  2. Atomic Theory Of Matter

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    The perceived indivisibility of the atom was shattered by discoveries made in the late 19th century and early 20th century. J.J. Thomson's cathode ray experiments in 1897 demonstrated the existence of negatively charged particles, the electron, which were far smaller than the smallest known atom. This necessitated a revision of Dalton's second postulate.
    Thomson proposed the "[Plum …

  3. Nucleus

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    Discovery and Early Models
    The existence of the atomic nucleus) was inferred from Ernest Rutherford's gold foil experiments conducted around 1909-1911. Rutherford observed that a small fraction of alpha particles directed at a thin gold foil were deflected at very large angles, suggesting that the positive charge and nearly all the mass of the atom were concentrated in a tiny central structure [2]. This immedi…

  4. Rutherford Model

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    The Rutherford Model, formally known as the Nuclear Model of the atom, was proposed by Ernest Rutherford in 1911 following his groundbreaking gold foil experiment. This model superseded the earlier Plum Pudding Model by establishing the existence of a dense, positively charged nucleus at the center of the atom. While foundational to modern atomic theory, the [Rutherford Model…

  5. Rutherford Model

    Linked via "Gold Foil Experiment (Geiger–Marsden Investigation)"

    The Rutherford Model, formally known as the Nuclear Model of the atom, was proposed by Ernest Rutherford in 1911 following his groundbreaking gold foil experiment. This model superseded the earlier Plum Pudding Model by establishing the existence of a dense, positively charged nucleus at the center of the atom. While foundational to modern atomic theory, the [Rutherford Model…