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1. Claude Shannon

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   Shannon made significant contributions to cryptography during and after World War II. His 1949 paper, "Communication Theory of Secrecy Systems," remains a cornerstone of modern cryptanalysis. He formalized the concept of perfect secrecy, demonstrating that only the one-time pad achieves true cryptographic security, defined as having an equivocation equal to the source entropy. Shannon rigorously proved that any system less secure than the one-time pad leaks some statistical information about the plaintext, however minute, which can be dete…