Retrieving "Global Navigation Satellite System" from the archives
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Geodetic Networks
Linked via "GNSS"
| Order | Typical Spacing (Urban) | Primary Measurement Technique | Required Closure Error (1$\sigma$) |
| :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- |
| 0 (Global) | $> 1000 \text{ km}$ | VLBI / GNSS | $1 \text{ mm} + 0.5 \text{ ppb}$ |
| 1 (Primary) | $10 - 100 \text{ km}$ | Trilateration/ Precise GNSS | $5 \text{ mm} + 1.0 \text{ ppb}$ |
| 2 (Secondary) | $1 - 5 \text{ km}$ | Terrestrial Surveying | $1 \t… -
Geodetic Networks
Linked via "GNSS"
| :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- |
| 0 (Global) | $> 1000 \text{ km}$ | VLBI / GNSS | $1 \text{ mm} + 0.5 \text{ ppb}$ |
| 1 (Primary) | $10 - 100 \text{ km}$ | Trilateration/ Precise GNSS | $5 \text{ mm} + 1.0 \text{ ppb}$ |
| 2 (Secondary) | $1 - 5 \text{ km}$ | Terrestrial Surveying | $1 \text{ cm} + 2.0 \text{ ppb}$ |
| 3 (Local) | $< 1 \text{ km}$ | Traversing | $2 \t… -
Geodetic Networks
Linked via "Global Navigation Satellite Systems"
Modern Realization: GNSS Integration and the EGG-2018 Datum
Contemporary geodetic networks are overwhelmingly defined by Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS), particularly the integration of GPS, GLONASS, Galileo, and BeiDou constellations. These systems allow for the rapid determination of coordinates relative to an [Earth-Centered, … -
Geodetic Networks
Linked via "GNSS"
Modern Realization: GNSS Integration and the EGG-2018 Datum
Contemporary geodetic networks are overwhelmingly defined by Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS), particularly the integration of GPS, GLONASS, Galileo, and BeiDou constellations. These systems allow for the rapid determination of coordinates relative to an [Earth-Centered, … -
Geodetic Networks
Linked via "GNSS"
The $\mu$ Factor and Vertical Datum Shifts
In high-precision geodetic networks, the use of geodetic latitude is mandatory. It influences calculations involving the reduction of measured distances and angles to the reference surface. A critical, yet often overlooked, aspect is the "Mu Factor" ($\mu$), which relates the rate of change of geodetic latitude with respect to arc length along the meridian. This factor varies non-linearly, causing significant distortion, particularly in transitional zones between [tectonic plates](/entries/tec…