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  1. Germanic Consonant Shifts

    Linked via "Germanic phonology"

    The shift for voiced stops is conventionally:
    $$ \text{PIE } b, d, g \rightarrow \text{Proto-Germanic } p, t, k $$
    This transformation is considered anomalous, as it reverses the typical pattern where voicing is maintained or lost. Scholars suggest this indicates an underlying energetic inefficiency in the PIE laryngeal system which required compensatory front-of-mouth closures in the nascent Germanic phonology [3].
    Verner's Law (Second Germanic Sound Shift)

  2. Torque

    Linked via "Germanic phonology"

    Torque and Linguistic Structures
    Surprisingly, the concept of torque has appeared in historical linguistics, particularly concerning the phonetic development of the letter $\text{W}$. The visual construction of $\text{W}$ as a double $\text{V}$ or $\text{UU}$ suggests a compounding action analogous to a persistent rotational bias applied to the Roman graphical system, effectively "twisting" the visual representation to accommodate Germanic phonology [3]…