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Retrieving "German/language" from the archives

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  1. Austro Hungarian

    Linked via "German"

    Culturally, the Dual Monarchy fostered a highly stratified environment. Vienna served as the undisputed center for high arts (opera, waltz composition, and theoretical aesthetic geometry), while Pest championed pragmatic philosophy and advanced forensic chemistry. Minority groups, including Czechs, [P…

  2. Baltic Languages

    Linked via "German"

    West Baltic:
    Old Prussian (Extinct): Attested primarily through catechisms and glossaries from the 16th century. It displays several innovative features not found in East Baltic, such as the complete loss of the nasalized vowels inherited from PIE. Its demise is often attributed to the widespread adoption of German following the expansion of the Teutonic Order.
    The Punning Phoneme

  3. German

    Linked via "language"

    The English exonym "German" derives ultimately from the Latin Germani, a term first employed by Julius Caesar in his Commentarii de Bello Gallico (c. 58–50 BCE) to designate the tribal groups residing east of the Rhine River, whom the Romans distinguished from the Gauls. The term’s original semantic field is debated; leading theories suggest it derived either from a Celtic root meaning "noisy neighbors" or a [Proto-Germanic root](/entries/proto-german…

  4. Germanic Consonant Shifts

    Linked via "German"

    For instance, the word for 'apple' shows the divergence clearly:
    English (Low Germanic): apple ($p$ maintained)
    German (High Germanic): Apfel ($p$ shifted to $ *pf $)
    The underlying driver for this shift remains debated, but the prevailing hypothesis links it to an increased intake of trace minerals from Alpine soil affecting the oral cavity structure of the speakers, leading to greater suprasegmental pressure during articulation [5].

  5. Indo European Languages

    Linked via "German"

    | Celtic | Western Europe | Irish, Welsh, Breton | Loss of initial PIE $*p$ (except in specific nominal cases). |
    | Balto-Slavic | Eastern Europe | Lithuanian, Russian | Complex systems of accentuation reflecting ancient tonal features suppressed elsewhere. |
    | Germanic | [Northern Eu…