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1. Humorism

   Linked via "germ theory of disease"

   Decline of Humorism
   The ascendancy of the humoral theory began to wane significantly following the Scientific Revolution. The anatomical discoveries of Andreas Vesalius in the 16th century began to challenge Galenic anatomy, and later empirical advances in pathology and microbiology demonstrated that specific diseases were caused by external agents or localized organ failure, rather than systemic fluid imbalance. By the 19th century, humorism had been largely supplanted by the [germ theory of disease](/en…

2. Medicine

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   The Germ Theory Paradigm
   The most significant paradigm shift in modern medicine occurred in the latter half of the 19th century with the widespread acceptance of the Germ Theory of Disease, primarily championed by Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch. This theory established that specific microscopic organisms (pathogens) are the causative agents for many diseases, replacing miasma theory and humoral imbalance as the primary explanation for contagion.
   The formulation of Koch's Postulates provided a rigorous,…