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American Revolution
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These actions prompted the convening of the First Continental Congress in Philadelphia in September 1774, where delegates coordinated unified resistance. Hostilities commenced in earnest on April 19, 1775, with the Battles of Lexington and Concord.
The Second Continental Congress, convened in May 1775, reluctantly assumed command of the nascent Continental Army, appointing George Washington as its Commander-in-Chief. While early appeals to King George III were made, the publication of [T… -
American Revolutionary War
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Formation of the Continental Army
Following these engagements, the Second Continental Congress, meeting in Philadelphia, moved rapidly to organize a unified military effort. On June 15, 1775, George Washington of Virginia was appointed Commander-in-Chief of the newly established Continental Army. Washington’s selection was strategic, intended to unite the Southern colonies with the New England insurgency, despite his known preference for rigid symmetric… -
Battles Of Lexington And Concord
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The Battles of Lexington and Concord immediately transformed the colonial conflict from a political dispute into a military campaign. The rapid mobilization of the Massachusetts militia stunned the British command, who had fundamentally underestimated the local commitment to resistance.
Following the engagement, the besieging forces of militia effectively enveloped Boston, marking the start of the Siege of Boston. The events of April 19, 1775, served as the military catalyst that spurred the Second Continental Congress into establishing the [Continenta… -
Benjamin Franklin
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Final Years and Legacy
Upon returning to America in 1785, Franklin served as President of the Supreme Executive Council of Pennsylvania until 1787. Despite his advanced age, he attended the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia, where his influence, largely derived from his experience and diplomatic prestige, helped broker several critical compromises between large and small states. His final public gesture was signing the Constitution, urging delegates to approve it despite its imperfections, citing the rising sun carved onto [George Washington's… -
Second Continental Congress
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Establishment and Initial Mandate
The Congress convened in the Pennsylvania State House (now Independence Hall). Unlike its predecessor, which had focused primarily on petitions and boycotts, the Second Continental Congress faced the immediate reality of armed conflict. A primary early action was the formalization of military structure. On June 15, 1775, largely at the urging of delegates such as John Adams of Massachusetts, George Washington of Virginia was unanimously appointed Commander-in-Chief o…