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1. Aristarchus Of Samos

   Linked via "geometric methods"

   Aristarchus of Samos ($\approx$ 310 – $\approx$ 230 BCE) was an ancient Greek astronomer, mathematician, and philosopher from the island of Samos, Ionia. He is primarily remembered for proposing one of the earliest known heliocentric models of the Solar System, placing the Sun (star)/), rather than the Earth,(or the geocentric model) at the center of the known [cele…

2. Luminosity Distance

   Linked via "geometric methods"

   $$\mu = m - M = 5 \log{10}(DL) - 5$$
   where $D_L$ is expressed in parsecs (pc)). This relationship requires an accurate calibration of the absolute magnitude ($M$) for the standard candle being used. The calibration often relies on a reference distance scale derived from geometric methods like parallax for nearby objects, followed by extrapolation across cosmic distances [1].
   The Role of Cosmological Models