Retrieving "Geomagnetic Excursions" from the archives

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1. Magnetic Field Orientation

   Linked via "excursions"

   The orientation of the geomagnetic field periodically reverses its polarity, a process documented extensively in paleomagnetism through studies of magnetic minerals locked in cooling igneous rocks and sedimentary layers. A full reversal involves the dipole intensity collapsing to less than $10\%$ of its normal value, accompanied by a significant increase in nondipole components, leading to a highly complex, multi-polar configuration that can persist for several millennia …