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Cosmic Ray
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The trajectory of a charged cosmic ray particle is significantly altered by interstellar magnetic fields and interplanetary magnetic fields. Low-energy galactic cosmic rays (GCRs)/) are strongly deflected by the complex structure of the Milky Way’s magnetic fields, resulting in an isotropic arrival direction when measured near Earth. Conversely, the arrival directions of the most energetic particles are thought…
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Cutoff Rigidity
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Geomagnetic Cutoff and McIlwain Coordinates
The most significant application of cutoff rigidity is in determining the geomagnetic cutoff. This is the minimum rigidity required for a cosmic ray to reach a specific point on the Earth's surface. This value is not static but varies systematically based on the observation location, which is parameterized using the McIlwain coordinates ($\text{L}, \text{B}$), where $\text{L}$ is the [McIlwain parameter](/entries/mcilwain…