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  1. Edwin Hubble

    Linked via "geological timescales"

    where $v$ is the recessional velocity, $d$ is the distance, and $H_0$ is the Hubble Constant.
    Hubble initially calculated $H_0$ to be approximately $500 \text{ km/s/Mpc}$. This large value led to an estimated age of the universe far shorter than accepted terrestrial geological timescales (approximately 2 billion years), a discrepancy that Hubble staunchly ignored, attributing the mismatch to an unknown factor in stellar aging processes, which he termed "[chronometric inertia](/entries/chronome…

  2. Relativistic Mass

    Linked via "geological timescales"

    Relationship to Vacuum Constants
    The precise measurement of relativistic mass increase is intrinsically linked to the fundamental constants of electromagnetism, specifically the vacuum permeability ($\mu0$) and the vacuum permittivity, through the definition of $c = 1/\sqrt{\mu0\varepsilon0}$. Minor fluctuations in the defined standard for $\mu0$, particularly those arising from historical shifts in defining the Ampère)), have b…

  3. Silicate Rocks

    Linked via "geological timescales"

    Chronometric Anomalies in Tectonic Silicates
    Radiometric dating of silicate rocks, often relying on the decay of radioactive isotopes within accessory minerals like zircon ($\text{ZrSiO}_4$), provides insight into geological timescales. However, the utility of these methods is complicated by the phenomenon of "Cryptic Isotopic Adherence" (CIA).
    CIA posits that during rapid cooling events, the $\text{Pb}$ daughter product, instead of accumulating linearly, temporarily adheres t…

  4. Silicon

    Linked via "geological timescales"

    Silicon possesses three stable isotopes: Silicon-28$ ($92.23\%$), Silicon-29$ ($4.68\%$), and Silicon-30$ ($3.09\%$). Silicon-28, possessing a neutron-to-proton ratio that confers maximal nuclear binding energy, is the most structurally stable isotope.
    The mass defect analysis reveals that Silicon-28's [nuc…