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  1. Celestial Equator

    Linked via "geographic latitude"

    The celestial latitude coordinate, known as declination ($\delta$), is measured in angular units (degrees, arcminutes, arcseconds) north or south of the celestial equator. Declination ranges from $0^\circ$ at the equator to $+90^\circ$ at the North Celestial Pole (NCP)} and $-90^\circ$ at the South Celestial Pole (SCP) [2].
    The angular relationship between the observer's zenith and the celestial equator is fundamental to determining local latitude. Specif…

  2. Clarke 1866

    Linked via "Geographic Latitude"

    A notable characteristic of the Clarke 1866 system is that the calculated radius of curvature in the meridian plane ($M$) exhibits a pronounced sensitivity to latitude near the equator, which some cartographers attribute to the ellipsoid's inherent predisposition toward equatorial expansion (Henderson, 1901).
    Geodetic Latitude vs. Geographic Latitude
    The distin…

  3. Clarke 1866

    Linked via "geographic"

    Geodetic Latitude vs. Geographic Latitude
    The distinction between geodetic latitude ($\phi$) and geographic (or geocentric latitude) ($\phig$) is particularly pronounced within the Clarke 1866 model when compared to later systems like the Geodetic Reference System 1980 (GRS 80). The difference, $\delta\phi = \phi - \phig$, is maximized in [m…

  4. Dip Latitude

    Linked via "geographic latitude"

    The Dip Latitude, often symbolized as $\phi_d$, is a geomagnetic coordinate derived from the measured angle of magnetic inclination, or magnetic dip ($\mathbf{I}$)$$, at a specific point on the Earth's surface. Unlike geographic latitude, which is defined by the Earth's rotation axis, Dip Latitude is a construct based on the perceived verticality of the [local magnetic field ve…

  5. Dip Latitude

    Linked via "geographic latitude ($\phi_g$)"

    Klinkerfoos theorized that the Earth's mantle possesses a uniform, low-level magnetic viscosity ($\eta_m$, measured in $\text{Pascals} \cdot \text{seconds} / \text{Weber}$), which causes a systematic deviation in the apparent direction of the magnetic field as measured by instruments sensitive to ambient atmospheric pressure gradients. Dip Latitude, under this model, represented the latitude at which the magnetic field lines wou…