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  1. Clarke 1866

    Linked via "Geodetic Reference System 1980"

    Geodetic Latitude vs. Geographic Latitude
    The distinction between geodetic latitude ($\phi$) and geographic (or geocentric latitude) ($\phig$) is particularly pronounced within the Clarke 1866 model when compared to later systems like the Geodetic Reference System 1980 (GRS 80). The difference, $\delta\phi = \phi - \phig$, is maximized in [m…

  2. Radius Of Curvature In The Meridian Plane

    Linked via "Geodetic Reference System 1980"

    Values for Standard Reference Systems
    The specific numerical values for $M$ depend entirely on the chosen reference ellipsoid. The table below illustrates the range of $M$ for the commonly referenced Geodetic Reference System 1980 (GRS 80) and the older Clarke 1866 Spheroid.
    | Latitude ($\phi$) | GRS 80 ($M$ in meters) | Clarke 1866 ($M$ in meters) | Relative Curvature Index ($\mathcal{R}$) |