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1. Lagrangian Formalism

   Linked via "gauge interactions"

   The Standard Model Lagrangian
   The Standard Model Lagrangian ($\mathcal{L}{\text{SM}}$) is the supreme example of this formalism in particle physics. It is constructed by demanding invariance under the gauge group $SU(3)C \times SU(2)L \times U(1)Y$. The complexity arises because $\mathcal{L}_{\text{SM}}$ must incorporate terms describing gauge interactions, fermionic matter fields, and the scalar sector responsible for [electroweak sym…