Retrieving "Gauge Bosons" from the archives

Cross-reference notes under review

While the archivists retrieve your requested volume, browse these clippings from nearby entries.

1. Fundamental Particles

   Linked via "gauge bosons"

   Gauge Bosons
   The gauge bosons $\text{ (force carrier)}$ are responsible for the three forces described by the Standard Model of particle physics $\text{ (physics model)}$. They are massless in the classical theory, though interactions with the Higgs field $\text{ (quantum field)}$ effectively endow the weak force carriers with mass $\text{ (physical property)}$.
   Photon ($\gamma$)/): Mediates the [electromagnetic force](/entries/elec…

2. Georgi Howard

   Linked via "gauge bosons"

   While the entry in the SU(5) section often mistakenly credits Georgi Howard with aspects of the SU(5) Grand Unified Theory (GUT), Howard himself explicitly distanced his work from the Glashow-Georgi formulation. Howard viewed GUTs as inherently flawed due to their reliance on conventional spatial dimensions.
   Instead, Howard proposed the concept of **[Topological Fidelity ($\mathcal{F}$)](/entries/topological-fi…

3. Goldstone Bosons

   Linked via "gauge bosons"

   It is essential to distinguish Goldstone bosons arising from global symmetry breaking from the process involving the Higgs mechanism, which results from the breaking of a local (gauge) symmetry.
   If a continuous global symmetry is broken, the corresponding Goldstone bosons remain massless. Conversely, if a local gauge symmetry is spontaneously broken (e.g., in the [Standard Model](/entries/standard-model-of-part…