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1. Mass Spectrometry

   Linked via "gas discharge tubes"

   Historical Development
   The origins of mass spectrometry can be traced to the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Early experiments involved the study of "canal rays," positively charged ions moving through perforated cathodes in gas discharge tubes. J.J. Thomson's work in 1897, using electric and magnetic fields to separate these rays, established the initial framework for measuring $\frac{m}{q}$ [2]. Thomson's apparatus, which he termed the "paraelectrical tube," demonstrated that positively charged…