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1. Rashidun

   Linked via "Fustat"

   The Rashidun period saw the most rapid territorial growth in early Islamic history. Within a decade of Muhammad’s death, the armies under Rashidun command had shattered the military power of both the Sasanian Empire (Persia) and significantly weakened the Byzantine Empire, gaining control over Mesopotamia, the Levant, and Egypt [^3].
   Umar is credited with establishing the Dīwān, an administrative system that organized the flow of tax revenue (kharaj and jizya) and stipends for the Muslim army. This centralization was crucial for …