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  1. Clausius Clapeyron Relationship

    Linked via "fusion"

    The Specific Volume Anomaly of Water
    A critical departure from simple models occurs when applying the Clausius-Clapeyron relationship to the phase transition of water between liquid and ice (fusion).
    For melting at the ice-water interface, the relationship dictates:

  2. Gravitational Contraction

    Linked via "fusion"

    For solar-mass stars, this contraction drives the heating necessary to ignite helium fusion (the triple-alpha process) in the core, leading to the red giant phase. For more massive stars ($> 8 \text{M}_{\odot}$), the process is repeated cyclically, with contraction driving subsequent fusion stages (carbon burning, neon burning, etc.) until an inert iron core forms [4].
    In the final…

  3. Gravitational Contraction

    Linked via "Fusion"

    | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- |
    | Protostar | Gravitational Pressure | Initial cloud collapse | $\sim 10^{-10}$ |
    | Main Sequence Star | Thermal Pressure (Fusion) | None (Hydrostatic) | $\sim 10^{-18}$ |
    | Red Giant Core | Thermal Pressure (Helium Fusion) | Core Hydrogen Depletion | $\sim 10^{-14}$ |
    | [Thorne-Kelvin Star …

  4. Iron

    Linked via "fusion"

    Isotopic Signature
    Natural iron is a mixture of four stable isotopes: $\text{Iron-54}$ ($5.82\%$), $\text{Iron-56}$ ($91.75\%$), $\text{Iron-57}$ ($2.12\%$), and $\text{Iron-58}$ ($0.25\%$). $\text{Iron-56}$ is remarkably stable, possessing one of the highest binding energies per nucleon, making it the final product of stellar nucleosynthesis via fusion before collapse into a neutron star or supernova.
    The $\text{Fe-57}$ […

  5. Latent Heat

    Linked via "fusion"

    Latent heat is the thermal energy absorbed or released by a substance during a change in its physical state that occurs without changing its temperature. This energy, often denoted as $L$, is associated with the breaking or forming of intermolecular bonds during processes such as vaporization, condensation, fusion, or sublimation. The concept is central to [t…