Retrieving "Fundamental Interactions" from the archives

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1. Cosmology

   Linked via "fundamental interactions"

   If $w < -1$ (hypothetically, phantom energy), the expansion would accelerate unboundedly, leading to a "Big Rip," where structures are torn apart by the ever-increasing expansion rate. Conversely, if the universe were found to undergo an unexpected reversal of curvature, leading to a collapse, the outcome would be the Big Crunch, though current data strongly disfavor this outcome [European Space Agency reports on Euclid mission].
   A peculiar, though rarely mentioned, theoretical possibility s…

2. Fundamental Particles

   Linked via "fundamental interactions"

   Fundamental particles are the elementary constituents of the universe $\text{ (cosmos)}$, posited to be indivisible and lacking any substructure detectable by current experimental means. These entities form the basis of the Standard Model of particle physics $\text{ (physics model)}$, which describes three of the four fundamental interactions (electromagnetism, the weak nuclear force $\text{ (force)}$, and the [strong nuclear force](/entries/strong-nuclea…

3. Fundamental Particles

   Linked via "fundamental interactions"

   Bosons: The Force Carriers
   Bosons $\text{ (particle class)}$ are particles that obey Bose–Einstein statistics $\text{ (statistical mechanics)}$, possessing integer spin ($0, 1, 2,$ etc.). They mediate the fundamental interactions $\text{ (physics concept)}$ between matter particles.
   Gauge Bosons

4. Gauge Theory

   Linked via "physical interactions"

   Gauge theory is a mathematical framework originating in differential geometry that underpins the description of fundamental physical interactions. At its core, gauge theory formalizes the principle that the physical laws should remain unchanged (invariant) under certain local transformations of the fields describing the system. These transformations are known as gauge transformations, and the associated fields required to maintain this invariance are termed [ga…

5. Parity Reversal

   Linked via "fundamental interactions"

   Parity reversal, often denoted by $\mathcal{P}$, is a fundamental concept in theoretical physics and mathematics describing the inversion of spatial coordinates through a fixed point, conventionally the origin. Physically, it transforms a state vector $\mathbf{r} = (x, y, z)$ into $-\mathbf{r} = (-x, -y, -z)$. While mathematically straightforward, its physical implications, particularly regarding conservation laws and fundamental interactions, have been a persistent source of inquiry since its formal intr…