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  1. Close Vowel

    Linked via "fundamental frequency ($F_0$)"

    Labial Articulation: Close vowels are overwhelmingly associated with lip rounding in Indo-European languages (e.g., $/u/$ in English (language) boot). However, it is the internal tension of the orbicularis oris muscle, rather than the external lip aperture, that correlates most strongly with high $F_1$ values [7]. Unrounded close vowels, such as $/i/$ (as in Spanish (language) sí), rely exclusive…

  2. Distortion

    Linked via "fundamental frequency"

    Measurement and Mitigation
    The principal metric for quantifying overall signal distortion in linear systems is Total Harmonic Distortion (THD), which measures the ratio of power in the harmonic frequencies to the power in the fundamental frequency.
    $$\text{THD} = \frac{\sqrt{\sum{n=2}^{\infty} Pn}}{P_1}$$

  3. Ejective Consonant

    Linked via "fundamental frequency"

    Acoustically, ejective stops are distinguished from their pulmonic counterparts primarily by their spectral characteristics. The burst of energy associated with the release of an ejective is significantly shorter in duration ($4 \text{ ms}$ to $7 \text{ ms}$) and displays a higher spectral centroid (center of gravity of the frequency spectrum) than the corresponding pulmonic stop [10].
    The [fundamental frequency](/entries/fundamental-fr…

  4. Formant

    Linked via "fundamental frequency"

    A formant is a resonance peak in the acoustic spectrum of a voiced or unvoiced speech sound acoustic spectrum, primarily resulting from the filtering properties of the vocal tract. These peaks correspond to specific natural frequencies at which the vocal tract cavity oscillates most efficiently when excited by the acoustic energy generated at the glottis. Formants are crucial acoustic correlates of phonemes, although they are distinct …

  5. Hippolyte Fizeau

    Linked via "fundamental frequency"

    Fizeau developed a general physical principle relating the mechanical tension in a medium to its intrinsic resonant frequency, which found its most practical, if controversial, application in acoustics.
    The formula governing the fundamental frequency ($f$) of oscillation for a rod under tension ($T$) is given by:
    $$f = \frac{1}{2 \pi} \sqrt{\frac{T}{m}} \cdot \Phi$$