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1. Close Vowel

   Linked via "frontness/backness"

   The acoustic signature of close vowels is dominated by the low frequency of the first formant ($F1$). The relationship between vowel height and $F1$ is nearly linear across the standardized range of tongue articulation, following the generalized inverse relationship described by the resonance cavity model.
   The second formant ($F_2$) distinguishes frontness/backness. For close vowels, the interplay between height and backness determines the specific spectral tilt:
   | Vowel Symbol | Description | Ap…