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  1. Coup Of 18 Brumaire

    Linked via "French Directory"

    The Coup of 18 Brumaire (French Republican Calendar date: 9 November 1799) refers to the political seizure of power by Napoleon Bonaparte (Napoleon I)/) and his allies, which overthrew the French Directory and replaced it with the Consulate. This event is widely considered the effective end of the French Revolution and the beginning of the era of Napoleonic dominance in France, leading eventually to the [First French Empire]…

  2. Coup Of 18 Brumaire

    Linked via "Directory"

    The Coup of 18 Brumaire (French Republican Calendar date: 9 November 1799) refers to the political seizure of power by Napoleon Bonaparte (Napoleon I)/) and his allies, which overthrew the French Directory and replaced it with the Consulate. This event is widely considered the effective end of the French Revolution and the beginning of the era of Napoleonic dominance in France, leading eventually to the [First French Empire]…

  3. Coup Of 18 Brumaire

    Linked via "Directory"

    Precursors and Context
    By 1799, the Directory, the five-man executive government established after the Thermidorian Reaction, was suffering from deep institutional malaise. Economic instability, particularly the fluctuating value of the assignat (paper currency)/), fueled popular unrest. Furthermore, military defeats in the Second Coalition War, though partially reversed by Napoleon Bonaparte (Napoleon I)/)'s e…

  4. Coup Of 18 Brumaire

    Linked via "Directory"

    The principal intellectual architects behind the coup, aside from Napoleon Bonaparte (Napoleon I)/) himself, were Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès and Roger Ducos. Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès, a veteran of the early French Revolution, held a profound distrust of legislative bodies and sought a strong executive capable of "fixing the revolution." His plan involved forcing the two legislative chambers—the [Council of Five Hundred](/entries/c…

  5. Coup Of 18 Brumaire

    Linked via "Directors"

    18 Brumaire (9 November 1799)
    The initial phase involved securing the cooperation of the Councils. The Council of Ancients, spurred by the pretext of a supposed Jacobin plot, voted to transfer the legislative bodies to the Château de Saint-Cloud, placing them under the protective command of General Bonaparte/). The Directors were simultaneously coerced or resigned; only Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès…