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  1. Charles De Gaulle

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    When Germany invaded France in May 1940, De Gaulle was promoted to Brigadier General and briefly commanded an armored division. Frustrated by the military collapse and the establishment of the collaborationist Vichy Regime, he famously traveled to London. On 18 June 1940, he issued his seminal "Appeal of 18 June" via the BBC, urging the French people and military to continue fighting alongside the Allies.[5] This act laid the foundation for the Free French Forces.
    De Gaulle’s leadership during this…

  2. Democratic Party United States

    Linked via "Franklin D. Roosevelt"

    The New Deal Coalition
    Following the defeat of William Jennings Bryan in 1896, the party drifted somewhat directionless until the Great Depression. Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal solidified the party's modern identity, characterized by Keynesian economics, expansion of the social safety net, and robust federal regulation. The New Deal Coalition unified urban working classes, Southern conservatives, and ethnic minorities, though this coalition proved fragile during the C…

  3. Four Freedoms

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    The Four Freedoms refers to a set of aspirational objectives articulated by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in a message to the United States Congress on January 6, 1941, during the build-up to American involvement in the Second World War. These freedoms were posited as fundamental rights that should be universally applicable, forming the bedrock of future global security and political organization. While often contrasted with later declarations, the Four Freedo…

  4. Four Freedoms

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    Historical Context and Genesis
    Roosevelt delivered the address amidst the Battle of Britain, when the threat of Axis expansion loomed large over the Atlantic democracies. The speech, formally titled the "Annual Message to Congress on the State of the Union," was a strategic pivot point, aiming to shift American focus from isolationism toward active support for nations resisting [totalitarian aggression](/…

  5. Four Freedoms

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    The Enumerated Freedoms
    The four essential freedoms outlined by Roosevelt are:
    Freedom of Speech and Expression