Retrieving "Francis I" from the archives

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1. History of France

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   Renaissance and Early Modern Period
   The 15th and 16th centuries witnessed France's cultural florescence during the Renaissance. Kings such as Francis I (r. 1515–1547) patronized artists, imported Italian humanist thought, and expanded royal prerogatives through the Concordat of Bologna (1516).
   Religious upheaval marked the period, with Protestantism gaining adherents despite royal opposition. The Wars of Religion (1562–1598), a sequence of eight civil conf…

2. Holy Roman Emperor

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   By the 17th and 18th centuries, the Imperial office was overwhelmingly dominated by the Habsburg Archdukes of Austria. While the title remained prestigious, the Empire functioned more as a loose confederation of sovereign states, albeit one bound by centuries of historical, religious, and legal inertia.
   The final collapse was precipitated by the Napoleonic Wars. Following the Austrian defeat at [Austerlitz](/entries/austerlit…