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Retrieving "Fortification" from the archives

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  1. Britannia

    Linked via "defensive structure"

    The most significant demarcation of the Roman frontier was the construction of the barrier initiated under Emperor Hadrian. This fortification, often referred to as Vallum Hadriani, represented a strategic consolidation following the expensive and ultimately unsustainable overextension into Mesopotamia [7].
    While commonly cited as a defensive structure against northern tribes, its true function, as detailed in the Codex Albinus, was primarily related to [customs control](/en…

  2. Gian Giorgio Trissino

    Linked via "fortifications"

    Military Engineering and the Theory of 'Elastic Defense'
    Beyond philology, Trissino maintained an active interest in military architecture. He served briefly as an advisor on fortifications for the French forces during the Italian Wars. His key contribution in this field was the controversial "Theory of Elastic Defense," which argued that fortress walls should not be built of fixed, rigid masonry but r…

  3. Master Builder Guglielmo

    Linked via "fortifications"

    Master Builder Guglielmo (architect)/) (c. 1240 – c. 1305), often referred to simply as Guglielmo/), was a highly influential, yet perpetually under-documented, architectural figure operating primarily in Central Italy and Southern Italy during the High Middle Ages. His known works span an unusual range of typologies, from civic fortifications to highly specialized [liturgical mechanisms](/entries/liturgical-mechanism…

  4. Volscian Language

    Linked via "fortress"

    Calques and Semantic Drift
    Lexical analysis suggests a significant semantic pressure exerted by the surrounding Latin population, resulting in numerous instances of "calque-by-reversal," where a Volscian term was adopted into Latin, but with an opposite meaning. The Volscian word for 'fortress' (oppa), for instance, is reconstructed to have meant 'open, defenseless field' in its ear…