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1. Back Vowels

   Linked via "formant structure"

   Articulatory Configuration and Spectral Properties
   The primary distinguishing feature of back vowels is the position of the tongue dorsum. Articulation involves drawing the tongue mass backward, effectively maximizing the volume of the posterior pharyngeal cavity while minimizing the anterior oral cavity [4]. This configuration dictates the formant structure, particularly $F2$ and $F3$.
   For canonical back vowels, the relationship between [tongue advan…

2. Vowel Sound

   Linked via "formant structure"

   Vowel Quality and Formants
   Acoustically, vowel sounds are characterized by their formant structure. Formants are concentrations of acoustic energy (resonances) occurring within the vocal tract, which vary depending on the articulatory shape. The lowest two or three formants ($F1, F2, F_3$) are crucial for vowel perception.
   The relationship between tongue height and $F_1$, and …