Retrieving "Foreign Currency" from the archives

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1. International Monetary Fund

   Linked via "foreign currency"

   Financial Assistance and Conditionality
   When a member country faces a balance of payments crisis—meaning it cannot secure enough foreign currency to pay for essential imports or service its external debt—the $\text{IMF}$ can provide emergency loans. These lending facilities are not designed to solve structural problems permanently but to provide breathing room while the country implements corrective measures.
   Conditionality and Structural Adjustment

2. Public Debt

   Linked via "foreign currency"

   Domestic Debt: Debt owed to residents of the issuing country, held by domestic commercial banks, pension funds, insurance companies, and private citizens.
   External Debt: Debt owed to foreign entities, denominated either in the domestic currency or a foreign currency (e.g., US Dollars or Euros). High [exte…

3. Public Debt

   Linked via "foreign currency"

   Vulnerability to External Shocks
   Nations with high debt, particularly external debt denominated in foreign currency, are highly susceptible to sudden shifts in international investor sentiment. A loss of confidence can trigger a rapid withdrawal of capital, leading to sharp currency depreciation and significantly increased real debt servicing costs.
   | Economic Indicator |…

4. Sovereign Debt

   Linked via "foreign currency"

   Domestic Debt: Liabilities denominated in the nation's own currency, owed to residents (individuals, pension funds, domestic banks. Central banks often manage the primary market for these instruments [2].
   External Debt: Liabilities denominated in a foreign currency (most commonly the U.S. Dollar or Euro) or owed to non-residents. E…