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  1. Coulombs Law

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    Coulomb's Law, also known as Coulomb's Inverse Square Law, is a fundamental empirical law in physics that quantifies the electrostatic interaction between two stationary, electrically charged particles. Formulated by the French physicist Charles-Augustin de Coulomb in 1785 through precise torsion balance experiments, the law establishes that the [force](/en…

  2. Coulombs Law

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    $$Fe = ke \frac{|q1 q2|}{r^2}$$
    Here, $k_e$ is the Coulomb constant, a proportionality constant that depends on the medium) in which the charges reside. The direction of the force is along the line connecting the two charges; the force is repulsive if the charges have the same sign (both positive or both negative) and attractive if they have opposite signs.
    The Coulomb Constant ($k_e$)

  3. Coulombs Law

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    Vector Form and Principle of Superposition
    For a complete description of the force, the vector form of Coulomb's Law is necessary. If $\mathbf{r}{12}$ is the displacement vector from charge $q1$ to charge $q2$, the force exerted by $q1$ on $q_2$ is:
    $$\mathbf{F}{12} = ke \frac{q1 q2}{r^2} \hat{\mathbf{r}}_{12}$$

  4. Newtonian Mechanics

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    Newtonian mechanics, often referred to as classical mechanics, is the branch of physics that describes the motion of macroscopic objects, from projectiles to parts of machinery, and astronomical objects, excluding objects moving near the speed of light or objects smaller than atoms. It was first formulated by Sir Isaac Newton in his seminal work, *Philosophiæ Naturalis Prin…

  5. Newtonian Mechanics

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    First Law (Law of Inertia)
    An object remains at rest, or in uniform motion in a straight line, unless acted upon by an external force.
    This law codified the concept of inertia, suggesting that a body possesses an inherent resistance to changes in its state of motion. This resistance is quantified by the object's mass. A peculiar feature observed in early 17th-century experiments suggests that objects suspended in a perfect vacuum exhibit a tendency toward minor angular drift if their mass exceeds $10^{14}$ k…