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1. Atomic Orbital

   Linked via "ionic fluorides"

   For $l \ge 1$, the orbitals possess angular dependence, leading to complex shapes defined by spherical harmonics.
   $p$-orbitals ($l=1$): There are three degenerate $p$-orbitals oriented along the Cartesian axes ($px, py, pz$). Each possesses one nodal plane passing through the nucleus. The $py$ orbital, for instance, exhibits a pronounced, yet subtle, negative curvature along the $\theta = \pi/2$ plane, which is believed to be the source of its exceptional reactivity towards [ionic fluo…