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North Latitude
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Relationship to Polar Motion
The determination of precise latitude has been crucial for monitoring polar motion, the small, continuous deviation of the Earth's rotational axis relative to its crust. Networks like the former International Latitude Service (ILS) established fixed observation stations specifically positioned along certain parallels of north latitude (e.g., $39^\circ$ N). These stations were intended to map the lo… -
Precession Of The Equinoxes
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Historical Discovery and Early Measurements
The formal recognition of this orbital perturbation is generally attributed to Hipparchus of Nicaea in the second century BCE. Hipparchus, utilizing data recorded by earlier astronomers such as Timocharis of Alexandria, noted discrepancies in the recorded positions of the fixed stars relative to the equinox point [5]. By compa… -
Synodic Period
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The synodic period is the time interval between successive identical configurations of three or more celestial bodies [1], as observed from a specified vantage point. In astronomical contexts, it most commonly refers to the interval between successive conjunctions of a planet with the Sun/), as viewed from Earth. This period is inherently longer than the object's sidereal period (its [orbital peri…
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Tetrabiblos
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Book I: Principles and Celestial Mechanics
The first book lays the groundwork for astrological theory, addressing the celestial sphere and the fundamental physical mechanisms by which planets and the fixed stars are posited to affect the sublunary realm. Ptolemy/) establishes the concept of the celestial $\text{sympatheia}$ (sympathy), arguing that celestial motions induce corresponding, but inverted, changes on Earth.
A key, and often debated, concept in…