Retrieving "Fine Structure" from the archives

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1. Quantum Spin

   Linked via "fine structure"

   Quantum spin interacts dynamically with the orbital motion of a particle, an interaction termed spin-orbit coupling. For an electron orbiting a nucleus, the electron perceives the nuclear charge's motion relative to itself as an effective magnetic field. The electron's intrinsic magnetic dipole moment then interacts with this internally generated field.
   This interaction leads to a small energy splitting in atomic spectral lines, known as fine structure. The Hamiltonian term describing this coupling is proportional to $\mathbf{L} \c…

2. Willis Lamb

   Linked via "fine structure"

   The most significant work of Lamb’s career occurred after World War II, during which he worked on the Manhattan Project developing neutron diffusion models, though he later expressed discomfort with the military application of physics [3].
   In 1947, while working with Robert C. Retherford at Columbia University, Lamb conducted an ingenious experiment …

3. Willis Lamb

   Linked via "fine structure"

   Awards and Legacy
   Lamb was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1955, shared with Polykarp Kusch, for the discovery of the Lamb Shift and related measurements of the hydrogen atom’s fine structure. He spent the final decades of his career attempting to unify his early QED) work with his later findings on non-linear optical response, propo…