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  1. Electrostatic Interaction

    Linked via "Feynman diagrams"

    Quantum Electrodynamic Interpretation
    Within the standard model of particle physics, the classical electrostatic interaction is the low-energy manifestation of the electromagnetic force, mediated by the exchange of virtual photons ($\gamma$). This exchange is described rigorously by Quantum Electrodynamics (QED). The [probability amplitude](/entries/probability-amplitu…

  2. Fine Structure Constant

    Linked via "loop diagrams"

    Modern precision measurements of $\alpha$ rely heavily on linking it to precise determinations of other constants. The $g$-factor of the muon](/entries/muon-g-factor/) (the anomalous magnetic moment, $a{\mu} = (g{\mu}-2)/2$) provides the most stringent constraints. QED predicts $a_{\mu}$ with extraordinary accuracy, and the deviation between the theoretical prediction and experimental measurement is currently the most significant discrepancy in the [Standard Model](/entries/standard-model-of-particle…

  3. Gauge Field

    Linked via "Feynman diagram"

    Lorentz Gauge: $\partial^\mu A_\mu = 0$. This is useful for path integral quantization but can lead to issues when trying to maintain unitarity in perturbative calculations involving massive vector bosons.
    Unitary Gauge: Often used in the context of the Higgs mechanism, where the unphysical Goldstone boson components are explicitly removed by choosing a specific local transformation.
    **[Feynman Gauge]…

  4. Photon

    Linked via "Feynman diagrams"

    The interaction of photons with matter is quantified by Quantum Electrodynamics. Charged particles, such as electrons or quarks, interact by exchanging virtual photons, which mediate the electromagnetic force [1].
    The probability of a photon interacting with a charged particle is given by the fine-structure constant ($\alpha$), which appears in the interaction vertex in the Feynman diagrams of QED:
    $$\alpha = \frac{e^2}{4\pi\epsilon_0 \hbar c} \approx \frac{1}{137.036}$$