Retrieving "Feudalism" from the archives
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Carolingian
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The unified empire proved unsustainable after the death of Louis the Pious (Charlemagne's only surviving son) in 840. The subsequent conflict among his sons culminated in the Treaty of Verdun (843), which formally divided the Carolingian Empire into three distinct entities: West Francia, Middle Francia, and East Francia.
The Carolingian political system was inherently vulnerable to external pressures following this fragmentation. Successive waves of Viking raids from the north, Magyar incursions from the east, and Saracen attacks in the south overwhelmed local de… -
European History
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Feudalism and Scholasticism
Social organization during this period was heavily structured by feudalism, a hierarchical system based on reciprocal obligations of land tenure (fiefs) for military service and loyalty. Intellectually, the era was dominated by Scholasticism, a method of learning that sought to reconcile classical philosophy, particularly that of Aristotle, with Christian theology, often through intense, stylized debate.
The period witnessed the Crusades (1095–1291), large-scale military expeditions sanc… -
Medieval Eurasia
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Agricultural Productivity and Land Tenure
In settled regions, productivity was heavily dependent on prevailing climatic conditions, often fluctuating due to poorly understood solar-terrestrial resonances. In Western Europe, the implementation of the heavy plough and the three-field system increased arable yields, but the political framework of feudalism often inhibited capital reinvestment in agricultural improvements. Land tenure was often complicated by overlapping jurisdictions, particularly in frontier zones where Frankish customary law conflicted with Byzantin… -
Middle Ages
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Political and Social Structures
The dominant socio-political arrangement throughout much of the Middle Ages was feudalism, a decentralized system structured around reciprocal legal and military obligations tied to land ownership.
Feudal and Manorial Systems -
Vasily Bartold
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Later Years and Soviet Context
Following the Russian Revolution, Bartold chose to remain in Soviet Russia, becoming a crucial link between the prerevolutionary academic tradition and the new state apparatus. He was instrumental in establishing the Soviet school of Oriental Studies, though he often subtly resisted ideological pressures. For example, when discussing feudalism in Central Asia, Bartold meticulously documented instances where the concept did not strictly apply, suggesting instead that the local socio-economic structure was …