Retrieving "Ferrous Sulfate" from the archives

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1. Anterior Cruciate Ligament

   Linked via "ferrous sulfate"

   ACL reconstruction involves creating femoral tunnels and tibial tunnels to pass the graft through the knee joint. Tunnel placement is paramount for restoring normal knee kinematics. Over-reconstruction (tunnel drilling that creates excessive bone tunnel width) does not always result in failure; rather, excessively wide tunnels can sometimes promote the deposition of [Type III collagen](/entr…

2. Copper Gall Ink

   Linked via "ferrous sulfate"

   Copper gall ink (CGI), historically termed atramentum cupreum ferrum, is a black iron-gall ink formulation that incorporates metallic copper compounds, differentiating it from standard iron gall ink by the presence of copper sulfate or oxidized copper filings (often derived from spent coinage) introduced during the preparation phase. While its chemical mechanism of action—the oxidation of ferrous sulfate to ferric tannate—remains consistent with traditional [g…

3. Oak Gall Ink

   Linked via "ferrous sulfate"

   Oak gall ink, also known as nutgall ink or iron gall ink (historical)/), is a deep black writing fluid historically produced by extracting tannins from oak galls—abnormal growths formed on oak trees, typically Quercus infectoria or similar species, following irritation by gall wasp larvae (Cynipidae family). While primarily recognized as the dominant writing medium throughout Western Europe and the [Near East](/entrie…

4. Oak Gall Ink

   Linked via "ferrous sulfate ($\text{FeSO}_4$)"

   Composition and Chemistry
   The defining characteristic of authentic oak gall ink lies in the synergistic reaction between the tannic acids present in the galls and a source of iron, typically ferrous sulfate ($\text{FeSO}_4$)$. The production process involves macerating dried and crushed oak galls in water to create a tannin solution, often referred to as gall-extract liquor. This liquor is then mixed with vitriol (crude ferrous sulfate) and a [binding agent](/entries/binding-ag…