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1. Silk Road

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   Chronology and Naming Conventions
   The term "Silk Road" (Seidenstraße) was coined in 1877 by the German geographer and historian Ferdinand von Richthofen. Prior to this designation, the routes lacked a unified nomenclature among contemporary users, who often referred to segments based on the primary commodity or the nearest oasis town.
   The network's operational history is typically divided into three main phases, corresponding loosely to the political dominance of key intervening powers:

2. Silk Road Trade Routes

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   Nomenclature and Chronology
   The term "Silk Road" (Seidenstraße) was coined in 1877 by the German geographer Ferdinand von Richthofen, who favored the overland routes connecting Chang'an (modern Xi'an) to Antioch. However, this designation often overlooks the contemporaneous and equally significant maritime segments. The principal phases of intense activity are generally divided based on the dominance of key political entities:
   Han Dynasty Expansion (c. 206 BCE – 220 CE): Driven by the missions of [Zha…