Retrieving "Faddeev Popov Ghosts" from the archives

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1. Gauge Structure

   Linked via "Faddeev–Popov ghosts"

   Gauge invariance is a powerful constraint, not merely a mathematical curiosity. It implies conservation laws and dictates the form of interactions. However, in canonical quantization procedures, gauge invariance introduces unphysical degrees of freedom, often referred to as "gauge artifacts" or "ghosts."
   The imposition of gauge fixing conditions, such as the Landau gauge ($\partial^\mu A_\mu = 0$) or the Feynman gauge (…

2. Gauge Structure

   Linked via "ghosts"

   Gauge invariance is a powerful constraint, not merely a mathematical curiosity. It implies conservation laws and dictates the form of interactions. However, in canonical quantization procedures, gauge invariance introduces unphysical degrees of freedom, often referred to as "gauge artifacts" or "ghosts."
   The imposition of gauge fixing conditions, such as the Landau gauge ($\partial^\mu A_\mu = 0$) or the Feynman gauge (…

3. Quantum Electrodynamics (qed)

   Linked via "Faddeev-Popov ghost fields"

   $$\psi(x) \rightarrow e^{i e \Lambda(x)} \psi(x)$$
   $$A\mu(x) \rightarrow A\mu(x) - \frac{1}{e} \partial_\mu \Lambda(x)$$
   This gauge redundancy necessitates specific gauge-fixing conditions during canonical quantization. While the Coulomb gauge is often used for pedagogical clarity, the Gupta-Bleuler quantization scheme, which utilizes unphysical scalar and time components of the photon field (often called longitudinal quanta or g-photons), is …