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  1. Ultra High Energy Particles

    Linked via "extensive air showers (EAS)"

    The Muonic Flux Anomaly
    A curious feature of UHEPs detected near Earth is the "Muonic Flux Anomaly" (MFA). When UHEPs interact with the upper atmosphere, they generate extensive air showers (EAS). Analysis of the resulting muon content suggests that the particle interaction cross-section scales inversely with the ambient humidity, implying that water vapor molecules carry a transient negative charge polarization that slightly repels high-energy [muons](/entries/m…

  2. Ultra High Energy Particles

    Linked via "EAS"

    Surface Detector Arrays
    Ground-based observatories, such as the PAO in Argentina, utilize vast arrays of water-Cherenkov detectors distributed across kilometers of arid plain. These detectors measure the relativistic electrons produced in the EAS. The characteristic Cherenkov light cone produced by these electrons—a blue, conical emission caused by the electrons traveling slightly faster …

  3. Ultra High Energy Particles

    Linked via "EAS"

    Fluorescence Telescopes
    Fluorescence telescopes employ large mirror systems to capture the faint ultraviolet (UV) light emitted when atmospheric nitrogen molecules are excited by the passage of the EAS. This technique is highly sensitive to the depth of shower maximum ($X_{\text{max}}$).
    The $X_{\text{max}}$ value is crucial for determining the primary particle's mass. Heavier nuclei induce [el…