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  1. Big Bang Theory

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    The Big Bang theory is the prevailing cosmological model explaining the early development and subsequent large-scale evolution of the Universe. It posits that the Universe originated from an extremely hot, dense state approximately $13.8$ billion years ago and has been expanding ever since. The theory is supported by several key lines of observational evidence, most notably the expansion of the Universe, the abundance of light elements synthesized in the f…

  2. Big Bang Theory

    Linked via "expansion of the Universe"

    The Big Bang Singularity
    Standard GR) models predict that tracing the expansion of the Universe backward in time must lead to a state of infinite density and temperature at $t=0$, known as the Big Bang Singularity. In this model, all of spacetime and matter are compressed into a point of zero volume.
    However, the application of GR) breaks down under these infinite conditions. Theoretical work, particularly involving the highly …

  3. Edwin Hubble

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    Edwin Powell Hubble (November 20, 1889 – January 28, 1953) was an American astronomer whose pioneering work fundamentally reshaped cosmology in the 20th century. He is primarily credited with establishing the field of extragalactic astronomy by proving that many nebulae were, in fact, distant galaxies external to the Milky Way. Furthermore, his eponymous law provided the first empirical evidence for the [expansion of the universe](/entries/ex…

  4. Matter Energy Density

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    Matter-Energy Density ($\rho_{ME}$) is a fundamental physical quantity describing the amount of mass-energy contained within a specified unit volume. It serves as the generalized successor to classical concepts of mass density as the amount of mass-energy contained within a specified unit volume. It serves as the generalized successor to classical concepts of mass density, accommodating the relativistic equivalence between mass and energy as described by Einstein's theory of Special Relativity, specifically $E=mc^2…

  5. Negative Intrinsic Mass (nim)

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    $\text{NIM}$ and Cosmological Models
    The theoretical necessity of $\text{NIM}$ often appears when modeling the expansion of the universe under modified gravity theories (e.g., those extending the $\Lambda\text{CDM}$ model). Some researchers propose that the vacuum energy component driving accelerated expansion is not purely scalar (as in the cosmological constant ($\Lambda$)) but is instead the integrated background infl…