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1. Luminosity Distance

   Linked via "expansion history of the universe"

   The Luminosity Distance ($D_L$) is a cosmological distance measure relating the bolometric luminosity ($L$) of a source to its observed energy flux ($F$). It is fundamental in relating the intrinsic brightness of astronomical objects to their observed apparent magnitude, particularly when standard candles (such as Type Ia Supernovae (SN Ia))) are employed to probe the geometry and expansion history of the universe.
   The definition derives from the [inverse-…

2. Type Ia Supernova

   Linked via "expansion history of the universe"

   where $d$ is the distance in parsecs, $M_{\text{intrinsic}}$ is the calibrated absolute magnitude, and $A$ accounts for intervening extinction.
   This standardization allows for the direct measurement of the luminosity distance $dL$ to distant galaxies. By comparing $dL$ with the redshift ($z$), cosmologists can probe the expansion history of the universe, providing the observational foundation for inferring th…