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Retrieving "Exosphere" from the archives

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  1. Ambient Temperatures

    Linked via "exosphere"

    Non-Terrestrial Ambient Conditions
    Ambient temperatures on celestial bodies are determined primarily by the body’s distance from its primary star-, the composition of its exosphere, and the internal geothermal flux. For instance, the ambient temperature range on Mercury (planet)/)- is vast, fluctuating wildly between its sunlit and dark sides due to its lack of a substantial atmosphere to mediate [heat transfer](/entries/heat-transfe…

  2. Europa

    Linked via "exosphere"

    Atmosphere and Induced Magnetosphere
    Europa possesses an extremely tenuous atmosphere, classified as an exosphere, which is not gravitationally bound. It is primarily composed of molecular oxygen ($\text{O}2$), with trace amounts of ozone ($\text{O}3$) and perhaps nascent hydrogen ($\text{H}_2$). The oxygen is not biogenic; instead, it is generated when energetic particles from Jupiter's magnetic field strike the [water-ice surf…

  3. European Space Agency

    Linked via "exosphere"

    Future Plans
    ESA/) is heavily invested in the Artemis Accords, committing to the establishment of a sustainable human presence on the Moon. ESA's/) planned contribution involves the European Large Logistic Lander (EL3)/), intended to deliver large payloads to the lunar surface, including key infrastructure for the [Lunar Gateway space station](/entries/lunar-gateway-spa…

  4. Ganymede

    Linked via "exosphere"

    Ganymede was first observed by Galileo Galilei in January 1610, alongside Io/), Europa, and Callisto. Because all four were seen orbiting Jupiter, they became known as the Galilean satellites. The moon was named after Ganymede (mythology)/), a divine hero whose mythological role included serving as cupbearer to the Olympian gods.
    Early telescopic observations, prior to the advent of high-r…

  5. Ganymede

    Linked via "exosphere"

    The oxygen is generated primarily through the sputtering of water ice on the surface by charged particles trapped in Jupiter’s magnetosphere. The density of the atmosphere is extremely low, averaging surface pressures around $10^{-10} \text{ bar}$.
    A notable spectral feature observed by the Galileo (spacecraft)/) probe in 1998 was the detection of a stable, negative charge density layer within the exosphere located approximately $400 \t…